Lab Questions:
1. The pericardium consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane. It's purpose is to surround the heart, protect it, and help keep it in place as it's beating.
2. The veins have thinner walls than the arteries but store most of the blood volume in our bodies. They are responsible for carrying blood back to the heart and they have valves that ensure the blood flows in one direction. On the other hand, arteries are elastic and contractile blood vessels that have much thicker walls as they carry blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body.
3. The auricles, which felt rough when we touched them, are elastic ear-shaped appendages that are external parts of the atria and increase the blood capacity of the heart's atria, allowing the atria to expand and hold a greater volume of blood.
4. The atria have auricles on the outside and are much smaller in size than the ventricles, which appear to be completely covered in fat.
5. The coronary sinus is a wide channel that collect deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins and empties into the right atrium of the heart. The inferior vena cava is a large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart. Lastly, the tricuspid valve, ensures that blood flowing from the right atrium to the right ventricle flows in one direction with no back flow.
6. Picture of the tricuspid valve, including the chordae tendinae and the papillary muscle:
7. When the right ventricle contracts, the pressure of the blood in the ventricle increases and the blood pushes up against the tricuspid valve, which keeps the blood from flowing back into the right atrium. The chordae tendinae attach to papillary muscles that pull the chordae tendinae to open and shut the valve.
8. The bicuspid valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle and, like the tricuspid valve, it ensures that the blood flows in one direction.
9. The semilunar valves keep blood in the arteries from re-entering the ventricles of the heart during ventricular diastole and ensures that blood is consistently traveling into the arteries and to the rest of the body. There are two types of semilunar valves: the aortic semilunar valve, which is situated where the left ventricle empties into the aorta, and the pulmonary semilunar valve, which lies at the opening where the pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle.
10. Valvular heart disease:
a) An abnormal amount of blood is flowing to the feet and ankles in an uncontrolled manner because the ventricles are unable to pump blood up against the flow of gravity, and thus, back flow occurs.
b) If valve disease were to occur on the left side of the heart, an insufficient amount of blood would be pumped throughout the body, causing swelling.
11. The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscles. The aortic semilunar valve keeps blood in the arteries from re-entering the ventricles. The chordae tendinae are stringy structures that attach the cusps of valves to papillary muscles. Lastly, the papillary muscles provide the "muscle power" that pull the chordae tendinae to open and shut the valve.
12. The right side of the heart has thinner walls than the left side of the heart and mainly deals with deoxygenated blood. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the inferior and superior vena cavas. The blood then travels through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle, which pumps the blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into pulmonary veins. The pulmonary veins then take that blood to the left and right lungs to be oxygenated. The left side of the heart, on the other hand, has thicker walls because it is responsible for pumping blood to the entire body and it mainly deals with oxygenated blood. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium via pulmonary arteries. The blood is then pumped through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle. The left ventricle (the largest chamber of the heart) pumps the blood through the aortic semilunar valve and into the descending aorta, which takes oxygenated blood to the lower body, and the ascending aorta (aortic arch), which branches into three other arteries that all take blood to the upper body.
13. Drawing of the interior of the cross section:
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